The Georgian people predominantly reside in the country of Georgia. Georgian beliefs, mythology and rituals have changed over time under the influence of various religious and cultural forces.
Pre-Christian Deities and Mythology
Before the arrival of Christianity in the 4th century AD, the Georgian people practiced a polytheistic religion that involved the worship of numerous gods and goddesses. The pantheon consisted of deities with distinct personalities and roles, reflecting the various aspects of life and nature.
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Armazi: The chief of the gods in the official religion of the Kingdom of Iberia (Kartli), established by King Pharnavaz I in the 4th century BC. His origins are linked to the Zoroastrian supreme being Ahura Mazda.
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Ghmerti: The supreme divinity and head of the pantheon, the all-powerful Lord of the Universe and its Creator. His name is later used for God the Father in Christian belief.
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Dali: The goddess of the hunt, believed to have great beauty. She watches over and protects wild animals in the mountains.
Other Beliefs and Mythology
Georgian mythology includes the pagan religious system that the mountain Georgians, including the Khevsurs, preserved until the early twentieth century. It included several hundred minor local divinities known as Hat'i (Khat'i).
Mythological Creatures
Georgian mythology also includes a diverse array of mythological creatures, often embodying both positive and negative traits. Some of the most notable creatures include:
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Devi: A malevolent supernatural being, the Devi was often depicted as a giant or demon-like creature that preyed on humans. They were believed to reside in remote areas, such as mountains and forests, and were often invoked to explain natural disasters or misfortunes.
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Kudiani: A witch or sorceress, the Kudiani was a female figure who possessed magical powers and could shape-shift into various animals. Often portrayed as malevolent, Kudiani were believed to cause harm to humans through their spells and enchantments.
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Amirani: A Prometheus-like figure, Amirani was a culture hero who defied the gods and brought fire and civilization to the Georgian people. He was ultimately punished by the gods, but his actions ensured the progress and advancement of human society.
Rituals and Practices
Georgian rituals and practices often revolve around the worship of deities and heroes, as well as the veneration of ancestors. Some key rituals include:
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Berikaoba: An ancient folk performance rooted in pre-Christian beliefs, Berikaoba involves masked participants representing various mythological figures, including gods, heroes, and demons. The performances often include comic elements and satire, serving as a means to preserve and transmit traditional stories and values.
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Lomisoba: A religious festival held in the highlands of Georgia at the Lomisa shrine, a medieval church dedicated to Saint George. The festival includes a pilgrimage and a large-scale ritual animal sacrifice, and is probably a remnant of an ancient pre-Christian cult.
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Supra: A traditional Georgian feast, the Supra serves as an essential ritual to honor and celebrate significant life events, such as weddings, funerals, and religious holidays. The table is laden with traditional Georgian dishes, and a designated toastmaster, or Tamada, leads the guests in a series of toasts to the gods, heroes, and ancestors.